AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences
AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences (AJMAS), eISSN:2707-7179, is an international peer-reviewed open access journal that provides a high-quality peer review process for original research articles, review articles, short communications, and case reports in all areas of Medical and Applied Sciences. Submission is accepted by both languages (English and Arabic). The editorial team is responsible for translating the abstract into other languages. So, each article will appear with two abstracts: one in English and one in Arabic. AJMAS operates under an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription fee. Please note that there is an article processing and publishing charge of 100 US Dollars for each accepted manuscript in order for the journal to continue its high performance. All papers are subjected to a peer-review process. Moreover, with the presence of international referees, the process of decision-making on the acceptance/rejection of all submitted manuscripts will be done rapidly and to the highest standards. The journal is owned by the University of Tripoli Alahlia, and the management of the journal is made by the editorial team Editorial Office in Charge Dr. Ahmed Atia editorajmas@gmail.com 00218910737929
Parental Evaluation of Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross‑Sectional Study from Western Libya and Its Clinical Implications
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common childhood motor disorder caused by non-progressive brain injury or malformation during early development, leading to muscle spasticity and coordination problems. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate parental satisfaction with botulinum toxin type A BoNT-A) treatment in children with cerebral palsy, focusing on perceived effectiveness and side effects. The study's objectives include collecting demographic and clinical information, assessing parental knowledge of BoNT-A, evaluating treatment outcomes, monitoring side effects, and measuring overall patient satisfaction. The study involved 75 children aged 1 to 5 years, mostly affected by birth-related oxygen deprivation. Data collected from parents showed significant improvements in muscle tone and daily activities following BoNT-A treatment, with most parents expressing positive satisfaction despite some mild side effects. The findings suggest that BoNT-A is a safe and helpful treatment when combined with rehabilitation therapies. This study highlights the importance of educating parents about BoNT-A treatment and emphasizes the need for careful patient selection and follow-up to achieve optimal results. Increasing awareness among healthcare providers and families can improve treatment experiences for children with cerebral palsy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fayrouz Abu Alasad, Einass Ragab, Wafa Alshaiby https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inorganic Mineral Dynamics in Two Medicinal Plants and Their Influence on Body Weight Gain in Experimental Rabbits
This study compares the macro-mineral composition of Moringa oleifera and Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extracts and evaluates how their inorganic profiles relate to physiological outcomes in rabbits. The elemental analysis revealed marked differences between the two species. Moringa oleifera showed exceptionally high Calcium levels (68302 ± 9689.1 ppm), nearly double those of Ziziphus spina-christi, suggesting strong bio-accumulation of divalent cations within its tissues. In contrast, Ziziphus spina-christi exhibited significantly higher concentrations of Potassium (11272 ± 130.1 ppm) and Magnesium (7316 ± 747.4 ppm), with low variability in Potassium indicating a stable distribution pattern. Correlation analysis highlighted a strong negative relationship between Calcium and both Magnesium and Potassium, reflecting classical ionic antagonism between Ca²⁺ and other cations involved in metabolic and osmotic regulation. A moderate positive association between Potassium and Magnesium suggests coordinated accumulation in metabolically active tissues. Although the trends were chemically consistent, some correlations did not reach statistical significance due to the limited sample size. The independent samples t-test confirmed a significant difference only in Potassium levels (p = 0.026), indicating that Ziziphus is a superior source of this electrolyte. Differences in Magnesium and Calcium were not statistically significant, although Calcium showed a marginal trend favoring Moringa. The unequal variance detected by the Brown–Forsythe test reflects the contrasting mineral accumulation patterns of the two plants. Physiologically, rabbits treated with Moringa oleifera exhibited the greatest increase in final body weight (2113 ± 159.81 g), likely linked to its high Calcium content and its structural role in supporting skeletal growth. Ziziphus spina-christi led to moderate weight gain (1815 ± 106.77 g), consistent with its higher Potassium and Magnesium levels, which primarily support metabolic and enzymatic functions rather than structural tissue development. Overall, the findings indicate that the distinct mineral signatures of the two botanical extracts influence both intracellular ionic balance and growth-related physiological responses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ameenah Hammad, Fayrouz Khaled https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Demographic and Geographic Distribution of Pancreatic Cancer: A Five‑Year Retrospective Study at the National Institute of Oncology, Sabratha
Pancreatic cancer is recognized as a highly aggressive disease with a poor overall outlook. Although its occurrence differs across regions, information from Libya and several surrounding countries remains limited. This study describes the demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at a major oncology center in Western Libya, aiming to support local health planning. A 5-year retrospective study (2020–2024) was conducted at the National Institute of Oncology-Sabratha. The files of patients with radiological and/or histopathological confirmation of pancreatic cancer were reviewed. Demographic variables and place of residence were evaluated, and basic statistical tests, including chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, were applied. Of the 91 included patients, 52 (57.14%) were male, and 39 (42.86%) were female. The majority of cases occurred in individuals aged 50–69 years. Female patients tended to present at a younger age, though this was not statistically significant. Most patients were from coastal areas, particularly Zawia (25.3%) and Tripoli (19.8%). No significant associations were found between sex and year of admission, age group, or region of origin. This study demonstrates a slight male predominance in pancreatic cancer incidence in Western Libya, aligning with global trends, with a descriptive geographical clustering in industrialized coastal areas. The findings underscore the need for enhanced cancer registry data and targeted public health initiatives. Future research with larger cohorts is recommended to investigate potential environmental, occupational, and lifestyle risk factors contributing to these observed patterns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahla Gueder, Nadya Alwaer, Azab Elsayed Azab, Muhanad Alqazoun, Mohammed Waydran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Post-Operated Wound Patients at Sabratha Teaching Hospital in Libya
Hospital‑acquired infections (HAIs) remain a serious global health concern, with wound infections representing the most common nosocomial infection, particularly among surgical patients. Surgical site infections are the second most frequent type of HAI, accounting for approximately 24% of all hospital‑acquired infections. In this study, samples from post‑operative wounds were collected and inoculated onto blood agar and MacConkey’s agar under aseptic conditions. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hours. All cultures were examined macroscopically for growth, colonial morphology, and changes in the media. Plates showing visible growth were subjected to standard bacteriological tests, including catalase, coagulase, oxidase, urease, and citrate utilization. Plates without visible growth were re‑incubated and examined daily for up to seven days. Colonies were identified by Gram staining and conventional bacteriological methods for Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative organisms. A total of 22 patients were included between May and June 2023. Of these, 20 had undergone surgical procedures, while 2 were outpatients. The study population comprised 7 males (31.8%) and 15 females (68.1%). The most predominant bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus spp. (10 isolates, 62.5%), followed by Pseudomonas spp. (4 isolates, 25%) and Klebsiella spp. (2 isolates, 12.5%). Six samples showed no bacterial growth. The overall rate of wound infection was high among the patients studied, with Staphylococcus spp. representing the most frequent Gram‑positive isolate and Pseudomonas spp. the most frequent Gram‑negative isolate. The rate of wound was high among our patients, Staphylococcus spp was the highest gram positive isolate while Pseudomonas spp was the highest among gram negative. Key words: post-operated wound infection, Bacteria, Patients, Predominant, Libya, Staphylococcus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Halemah Alashoury, Khalid Othman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Gender and Age on Clinical and Medical Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Tripoli, Libya
Rheumatic disorders, which exhibit notable age- and gender-related demographic trends, are characterized by inflammation and discomfort in the joints and connective tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic characteristics and inflammatory biomarker profiles of patients with rheumatic illnesses and to examine the relationship between these characteristics and age and gender. Between September and November of 2025, 70 patients with rheumatic diagnoses from various clinics in Tripoli, Libya, participated in the study. Every patient underwent laboratory testing. The Alshark Laboratories was the site of this investigation. All participants were asked to complete the questionnaire in order to gather information on their age, sex, and health. Females constituted the majority of the study population (61.4%), while males accounted for 38.6%. Adults (>16 years) represented 60.0% of participants, and children (≤16 years) accounted for 40.0%. A statistically significant association was observed between age group and gender distribution (P= 0.009), with males predominating among children and females predominating among adults. Female patients exhibited significantly higher Antistreptolysin O titer (ASO) levels compared with males (median: 316.0 vs. 189.0 IU/mL; P = 0.047). Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) values also differed significantly between genders (P = 0.048), whereas no significant gender-based differences were observed in C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Rheumatoid Factor (RhF). When comparing age groups, children showed higher ASO levels than adults; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.060). No significant differences were found between children and adults for CRP, ESR, and RhF. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between age and ASO levels (IQR = −0.244, P = 0.042) and a weak but significant positive correlation between age and ESR (IQR = 0.264, P = 0.027). No significant correlations were observed between age and CRP and RhF. The results show significant variations in the distribution of rheumatic illness patients by age and gender, as well as in several inflammatory biomarkers, including ASO and ESR. These findings demonstrate how crucial it is to take demographics into account when analyzing inflammatory marker profiles in rheumatic illness patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamida El Magrahi, Maryam Belgasem, Shahed Aldeeb, Ahlam Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent Insights into Cytomegalovirus Serostatus among Pregnant Women in Tripoli, Libya
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common viral infection that frequently impacts pregnant women globally and causes congenital infections. During pregnancy, primary or recent CMV infection may result in congenital malformations. Although certain Libyan studies have been published on maternal CMV infection, comprehensive data on its seroprevalence during pregnancy remain insufficient. Thus, this study aims to explore the current status of the seroprevalence and examine factors associated with CMV infection among Libyan pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2025, recruiting 202 pregnant women aged 18-47 years who attended antenatal clinics in Tripoli, Libya. Out of 202 pregnant women, 75 were subjected to a concise questionnaire. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum was analyzed. CMV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies were detected using Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) on the Roche Cobas e 411 analyzer. Data were analyzed using Python software, and results were expressed as frequencies, percentages, and geometric mean titres (GMTs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The overall seroprevalence of CMV IgG was 64.85%, while the seropositivity rate for IgM was 27.23%. High IgG seropositivity was observed across all age groups, whereas IgM positivity varied, with the highest rate observed among women aged 30–34 years. Furthermore, we showed that both the first and second trimesters exhibited an increase in the IgG seroprevalence compared to the third trimester. Likewise, women residing in rural areas and those from larger households demonstrated higher CMV IgG levels. Miscarriage history showed minimal association with CMV antibody levels. There is a high prevalence of CMV infection among pregnant women in Tripoli, with most cases reflecting past exposure rather than recent infection. Our findings indicate a high level of immunity to CMV among Libyan pregnant women. Antibodies distribution was influenced by age, gestational period, residence, and family size, while miscarriage history had a limited effect. Our findings urgently call for early screening of CMV during pregnancy, along with increased awareness of preventive hygiene practices and the establishment of local guidelines aimed at reducing the risks of maternal and congenital infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmoud Ashawesh, Mustafa Alkawash, Mustafa Alkawash, Suhay Almharoush, Wasan Ben Ayad, Aseel Algonsl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy and Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Sciatic Nerve Block as Primary Anesthesia for Diabetic Foot Surgery in Libyan patients
Diabetic foot syndrome frequently necessitates surgical intervention in patients with significant cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities. Both general anesthesia and central neuraxial techniques carry inherent risks of hemodynamic instability in this vulnerable population. Although ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve blocks represent a promising regional alternative, their efficacy and safety profile have not been thoroughly characterized in Libyan diabetic patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 70 consecutive adults (42 males and 28 females) who underwent elective unilateral diabetic foot surgery with ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block as the primary anesthetic at Misurata Medical Center in Libya between January 2023 and December 2024. Primary endpoints included block success rate and intraoperative hemodynamic stability, assessed through maximum absolute fluctuations in systolic blood pressure and heart rate from baseline, measured at 5-minute intervals during the operative period. Secondary outcomes included patient satisfaction and adverse events. The procedure achieved an 87.1% success rate (61 of 70 patients). Successful blocks demonstrated significantly superior hemodynamic stability. Mean maximum systolic blood pressure fluctuation was substantially lower in the success group (8.6± 3.5 mmHg) than in the failure group (19.4±6.9 mmHg), with a mean difference of 10.8 mmHg (95% CI [7.2, 14.4]; p < 0.001). Heart rate fluctuation was markedly attenuated in successful blocks (4.2±1.8 bpm versus 13.6±4.7 bpm; p < 0.001). The incidence of severe hypertensive episodes (systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg) was substantially lower in the success group (6.6% versus 55.6%; p < 0.001). Patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in successful blocks (8.6 ± 1.4 versus 3.3 ± 1.4; p < 0.001). Adverse events included transient paresthesia (4.3%), hematoma formation (0.6%), and minor vascular injury (1.2%), with no major complications recorded. Ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block represents an effective and safe primary anesthetic modality for diabetic foot surgery in both male and female patients. The combination of favorable success rates, superior hemodynamic stability, and minimal complications positions it as a preferred option for this high-risk population."
Copyright (c) 2026 Fathi Abulifa, Ibrahim Garta, Ahmed Aniba, Omar Danfour, Mona Abujazia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of a Topical Herbal Gel Containing Rosmarinus Officinalis for Anti-inflammatory Activity
From antiquated uses to contemporary pharmaceutical technologies, topical medication administration has undergone substantial change. It has long been known that products can have systemic or local effects when applied topically. The development of devices that can carry solutes across this barrier in a targeted manner and with measured accuracy at specific sites within the skin and beyond has been made easier by our growing understanding of the architecture and physiology of the skin. In contrast to diclofenac sodium, which showed an inhibition of 86.09% at 800 µg/mL, Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, reaching a maximum inhibition of 71.08% at a dosage of 500 µg/mL. The topical gel formulations were prepared using a variety of gelling agents at different concentrations. Out of the six formulations that were made, F4 and F6 showed outstanding physicochemical characteristics, including ideal pH, good spreadability, appropriate viscosity, and no signs of skin irritation. The findings imply that F4 and F6 are the ideal polymeric bases for topical distribution and that rosemary extract may have a notable anti-inflammatory impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wedad Saleh, Darine Abozaid, Ahmed Aljaiyash, Azzah Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Implementation of a Secure WAN Using Site-to-Site VPN: A Practical Comparison with MPLS
This study presents a technical implementation and comparative analysis of a multi-site Wide Area Network (WAN) architecture connecting a central Headquarters (HQ) in Tripoli to three remote Branch Offices. The network was modeled and validated using Cisco Packet Tracer, utilizing Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) with route summarization for dynamic routing and a Site-to-Site IPsec VPN for secure transport. Verification tests confirmed successful OSPF convergence and full end-to-end connectivity across all sites. A comparative analysis against traditional MPLS technology demonstrated that the IPsec VPN solution offers substantial cost-effectiveness by leveraging existing public internet infrastructure and eliminating the requirement for expensive dedicated leased circuits. Furthermore, performance testing revealed that the security overhead of the IPsec tunnel resulted in a manageable 153% increase in latency (from a baseline of 1.5 ms to 3.8 ms), which remains well within the acceptable threshold for enterprise applications. The findings validate that the IPsec VPN architecture provides a superior balance of economic viability and end-to-end data confidentiality, establishing it as an optimal choice for modern, budget-conscious multi-site enterprise connectivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samia Bilhaj, Nuredin Ahmed, Abdulrahman Ashtawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategies for Mitigating Complications in High‑Risk Trauma: A Cross‑Sectional Study of Surgical and Orthopaedic Decision‑Making
Effective management of high-risk trauma requires rapid clinical decision-making, structured complication mitigation, and coordinated multidisciplinary care. Understanding current practices and barriers among surgeons is critical for improving outcomes. This study was conducted to evaluate clinical decision-making, perioperative complication mitigation strategies, and perceived institutional barriers among surgeons managing high-risk trauma patients. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 267 surgeons (general, orthopedic, and trauma) assessing demographics, clinical decision-making, complication mitigation, and perceived barriers. Likert-scale responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. The mean age of respondents was 41.6 ± 8.9 years, with 12.3 ± 6.7 years of clinical experience; 78.3% were regularly involved in high-risk trauma care. Clinical judgment was highly valued (mean = 4.32 ± 0.58), and multidisciplinary team involvement was strongly endorsed (mean = 4.47 ± 0.55). Intraoperative safety measures were widely implemented (70.0%, mean = 4.51 ± 0.49), whereas formal risk prediction tools were underutilized (41.9%, mean = 3.21 ± 0.83). Standardized safety practices across the perioperative continuum were associated with perceived reduction in complications (p < 0.001). The most frequently reported barriers included resource limitations (72.7%), staffing shortages (65.2%), and time constraints (61.9%). Enhanced trauma training programs (mean = 4.44 ± 0.52) and standardized protocol implementation (mean = 4.36 ± 0.56) were strongly supported as improvement strategies. Surgeons demonstrate strong engagement in complication mitigation and collaborative decision-making; however, systemic constraints and inconsistent adoption of decision-support tools remain challenges. Implementation of targeted training, standardized protocols, and technological support may enhance outcomes in high-risk trauma care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waled Khalefa, Abdussalam Hounki, Karima Alfitory https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation and Analysis of NAT and PAT Techniques in Cisco-Based Networks for Efficient IPv4
Advancements on the Internet lead to a shortage of available IPV4 addresses. The main long-term solution to the IP address scalability problem was to increase the size of the IP address. This study focuses on NAT and PAT that were applied in a controlled network using Cisco devices. A private Local Area Network (LAN) was set up with the address 192.168.0.0/16, which was then connected to a limited range of public IP addresses (203.0.113.0/30). The NAT and PAT techniques were applied to examine connectivity between internal and external devices, and address translation was verified using Cisco IOS commands. The Nat terminology and all configurations were implemented using the Cisco Packet Tracer simulation tool. The results demonstrate how NAT can help manage the limited availability of IP addresses, making it easier to scale networks. Furthermore, the study examined the operational behavior of NAT and its role in addressing challenges related to IPv4 address scarcity. In this paper, we will stimulate the network address translation and port address translation routing technique.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasneem Abudaber, Nuredin Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Ryu and OpenDaylight SDN Controllers Using Mininet
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enables centralized control and programmability by decoupling the control plane from the data plane. Since the SDN controller directly influences network behavior, evaluating controller performance is essential for effective deployment. This paper presents an experimental comparison of two widely used open-source SDN controllers, Ryu and OpenDaylight (ODL), using the Mininet network emulator and OpenFlow 1.3. The evaluation is conducted under identical small-scale tree topologies. Key performance metrics, including latency, throughput, and packet loss, are measured using ICMP and TCP traffic. The experimental results show noticeable differences in controller behavior, particularly in latency and packet loss, while both controllers exhibit comparable throughput under low to moderate traffic conditions. The study demonstrates the suitability of Mininet for SDN performance evaluation and provides quantitative results that support informed controller selection in experimental environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huda Al-Ghamdi, Nuredin Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics Against Escherichia coli Serotypes
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli has prompted the search for alternative antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) against four E. coli serotypes (O26, O111, O114, and O119) using the well diffusion method. Garlic extracts at concentrations ranging from 25% to 95% were compared with ten commonly used antibiotics. The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, with the 95% garlic extract producing inhibition zones of up to 30 mm, comparable to those observed for ceftriaxone and aztreonam. Several E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to lincomycin, neomycin, rifampicin, and cotrimoxazole. These findings indicate that garlic extract possesses significant antibacterial activity and may represent a promising natural alternative or adjunct to conventional antibiotics in the management of E. coli infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Somia Bufrag, Elham Bentaher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Mathematical Analysis of Elliptic-Curve–‎Enhanced AES for Image Encryption Using Dynamic ‎Keys and S-Boxes
In this study, an enhanced version of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is proposed by integrating Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to generate dynamic S-boxes and encryption keys. The proposed scheme aims to enhance security while preserving computational efficiency in image encryption. Three NIST- recommended elliptic curves—P-256, P-384, and P-521 are employed to investigate the impact of curve size and algebraic properties on encryption strength and randomness. Experimental results demonstrate that the ECC-enhanced AES scheme achieves strong overall performance, with all configurations enabling perfect image reconstruction without distortion. Entropy analysis confirms a high degree of randomness, particularly when using CTR mode and the AES–ECC (P-521) configuration. Security evaluation shows strong resistance to differential and statistical attacks, as evidenced by high NPCR and UACI values and near-zero correlation coefficients. The combination of CTR mode and ECC provides the most robust protection. Histogram and visual analyses further verify effective concealment of perceptual information, with CTR mode nearly eliminating spatial pixel correlations. Compared with standard AES, the proposed AES–ECC approach, especially with the AES–ECC (P-521) configuration, exhibits improved pixel distribution uniformity and reduced residual visual patterns. Memory usage remains constant across all configurations. Although integrating CTR mode and ECC increases computational overhead, memory usage remains constant across all configurations, and ECB mode with the AES–ECC (P-256) configuration for grayscale images achieves competitive encryption times, reflecting the efficiency of this setup compared to other variants, and visual obfuscation while maintaining acceptable computational efficiency and image quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisha Dhaw, Abdalftah Elbori, K El Hadad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Libyan Dentists
Musculoskeletal disorders are common in dentistry due to repetitive hand movements and sustained static working postures. These conditions often lead to chronic pain and reduced productivity. In Libya, musculoskeletal problems are the most frequently reported occupational health complaint among dentists, yet detailed information, particularly regarding gender and age, is still limited. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and anatomical distribution of WMSDs among dentists in Western Libya and examine their associations with gender and age. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 126 dentists employed in public and private clinics. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires that included demographic and professional characteristics, as well as the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Participants were predominantly female (61.1%) and largely in their early to mid-career years. Over 70% of the participants reported WMSD symptoms in at least one body region in the previous year. The most frequently affected areas were the neck (73.8%), lower back (62.7%), and shoulders (50.0%), followed by the wrists/hands (37.3%) and upper back (34.1%). Neck, lower back, and wrist/hand symptoms prevented normal work in 64.5%, 60.8%, and 61.7% of affected dentists, respectively. Approximately 40%–45% of individuals with neck or lower back pain reported experiencing symptoms in the week preceding their assessment. The overall prevalence did not differ significantly by gender or age, although mid-career dentists reported a greater impact on functional capacity in Western Libya. WMSDs are widespread and frequently persistent, placing substantial strain on dentists and limiting their ability to carry out their professional responsibilities effectively. Most evident in the cervical, lumbar, and upper-extremity regions. The findings underscore the necessity for context-specific ergonomic measures, early preventive education, and ongoing occupational health support to promote healthy practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Safa Koushada, Thurai Athwair, Nada Hweissa, Doha Krema, Nehal Alfoorjani, Farah Albeshty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cypermethrin's Consequences on the Male Reproductive System of Swiss Albino Mice
Infertility is a prevalent issue impacting millions of individuals of reproductive age globally. The reduction in male fertility has been linked to various factors, including exposure to environmental pollutants like pesticides. Cypermethrin, a type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in Libya, is the focus of this study, which aims to evaluate its effects on the male reproductive system in mice. The research involved three groups of adult male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus), each consisting of eight individuals. The control group received distilled water, while the treatment groups were administered cypermethrin at doses of 65.7 mg/kg (CYP I) and 93.86 mg/kg (CYP II) of body weight (bw). All treatments were delivered orally via gavage over a period of 28 days. At the end of the experiment, measurements were taken for body and testicular weights, as well as serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Additionally, semen parameters, including sperm count, motility, and morphological abnormalities, were assessed. Histopathological evaluations of testicular tissue were conducted using histological cross-sections. Results indicated no significant differences in body weight between the treatment and control groups. However, the higher dose (CYP II) led to a marked reduction in testicular weight, sperm count, motility, and normal sperm morphology, alongside all histopathological criteria, Johnsen's score, testosterone, and LH levels, while FSH levels increased. These findings suggest that cypermethrin induces testicular toxicity and adversely affects male fertility in mice
Copyright (c) 2026 Salma Abusrer, Ayat Elkhoja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hierarchical IPv6 Network Design Using SLAAC and DHCPv6 for Enterprise Environments
The increasing number of networked devices and the limitations of IPv4, such as limited assignable addresses, complex subnetting structure, and inefficient employment of NAT, among others. It is because of these shortcomings of IPv4 that have led to a greater adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) as a scalable and future-ready networking solution. This project outlines the design and execution of a hierarchical IPv6 addressing scheme for a multi-location enterprise network. The design employs a structured subnetting approach, assigning a /48 IPv6 prefix to each site, a /56 prefix to each building, and a /64 prefix to individual subnets. This method ensures efficient use of addresses, scalability, and easier network management. IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) is utilized, enabling end devices to dynamically generate their own IPv6 addresses. Additionally, DHCPv6 is incorporated to provide extra network parameters like DNS server information and domain names. This combined approach merges the ease of SLAAC with the administrative oversight provided by DHCPv6. The network architecture is implemented and tested using Cisco Packet Tracer and GNS3 software, featuring multiple routers, switches, and end devices spread across various sites and buildings. IPv6 routing is managed through OSPFv3 to ensure effective and dynamic communication between sites. The findings indicate that the proposed hierarchical IPv6 design improves network scalability, supports efficient address allocation, and facilitates seamless connectivity across different locations. This work underscores the practicality and effectiveness of structured IPv6 subnetting alongside SLAAC and DHCPv6 for contemporary enterprise network setups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bushra Attabie, Nuredin Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intermittent Fasting as a Dietary Strategy for Obesity Management: A Mini Review
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease and a major global public health challenge, associated with increased morbidity and mortality from diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and metabolic syndrome. Traditional continuous calorie restriction (CCR) has long been the standard dietary approach, but its long‑term sustainability is limited by metabolic adaptation and weight regain. Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a promising alternative strategy, shifting the focus from food choice to timing of intake. This narrative mini‑review synthesizes evidence published since 2015 on the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of IF in obesity management. Common IF regimens include alternate‑day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time‑restricted eating. Randomized controlled trials and meta‑analyses consistently show that IF produces clinically meaningful weight loss and cardiometabolic improvements comparable to CCR, with modest advantages in certain protocols. Evidence also suggests potential benefits for body composition, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, though findings remain heterogeneous. IF appears safe for most adults with overweight or obesity, but is not recommended for vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, or individuals with eating disorders. Overall, IF represents a flexible, evidence‑based dietary option for obesity management, with long‑term adherence and personalized application being critical determinants of success. Future research should address sustainability, weight regain, and population‑specific outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salima Saad, Sara Elsherif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension among Pregnant Women Attending Medical Laboratories in Zawia City, Libya
This study aimed to identify and evaluate the prevalence of diabetes and blood pressure among a sample of 230 pregnant women, classified according to the number of pregnancies and different age groups, in the city of Zawiya, western Libya, from January 2025 to March of the same year. The study reached several findings, including the prevalence of diabetes and high blood pressure among a group of pregnant women by age group and the number of pregnancies per woman. The age group from (24-29) recorded the highest rate of diabetes, reaching 13.48%, followed by the age group from (18-23), and the age group from (30-35) with 7.39% for both, while the age group from (36-41) recorded the lowest rate of diabetes, reaching 5.65% As well as the rate of high blood pressure in women, the highest percentage was recorded in the age group (24-29) at 7.82%, followed by the age group (30-35) at 7.34% of the total cases, and the age group (36-41) recorded the lowest percentage at 5.22%. This is consistent with many studies that have addressed the subject in different regions of the world. In addition to the number of pregnancies in women, the highest rate of diabetes and high blood pressure was recorded in the first pregnancy at 10.43% of the number of pregnancies among pregnant women. The rate of diabetes and high blood pressure by age group for all pregnant women in the study sample was recorded at 35.21% and 27.82%, while the rate of diabetes due to the number of pregnancies among all pregnant women was 40.87%, and the rate of high blood pressure was recorded at 33.91% among the study sample. The incidence of diabetes and high blood pressure varied among pregnant women, and the number of pregnancies varied in terms of rates. This may be due to many other variables that affect the incidence of diabetes and high blood pressure during pregnancy, the number of pregnancies, and other factors. The study recommended conducting various scientific studies and research that address this aspect of the lives of pregnant women who need great care and attention, including early screening Periodic follow-up of cases, and provision of high-precision health and therapeutic services to enhance the health of pregnant women
Copyright (c) 2026 Marwa Al mabrok, Al Basher Ashour, Hebah Zahmoul, Asadig Alghoull, Reema Albaseer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Clinical Bacterial Isolates from Gharyan City, Libya
Antimicrobial agents are widely used to treat bacterial infections; however, their misuse contributes to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. This study assessed the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates from patients in Gharyan City, Libya, and explored behavioral factors influencing resistance. Between January and June 2024, 66 clinical samples (urine, stool, vaginal swabs, blood, pus, and sputum) were collected from seven medical laboratories. A questionnaire survey was conducted among three groups: medical workers (n=50), non-medical individuals (n=50), and pharmacists (n=50). Laboratory identification employed selective media, Gram staining, and microscopy, while antibiotic susceptibility was tested using disc diffusion. Results revealed widespread inappropriate antibiotic use: 70% of pharmacists dispensed antibiotics without prescriptions, 40% provided incorrect dosages, and only 10% held formal pharmacy qualifications. Among medical workers, 40% used antibiotics without prescriptions and 56% failed to complete treatment courses. Infections were more common in females (77%) than males (23%), with the highest prevalence in younger age groups (<32 years, 39.4%). Staphylococcus spp (32%) and E. coli (27%) were the most frequent isolates. Overall resistance was high (75%), particularly in Pseudomonas spp (100%), E. coli (83%), and Staphylococcus spp (76%). Azithromycin (67%) and Doxycycline (49%) showed the highest resistance rates, while Meropenem (2%) and Nalidixic acid (3%) remained largely effective. These findings highlight alarming levels of antibiotic resistance in Gharyan, driven by misuse and poor prescribing practices. Strengthening pharmacist and physician training, enforcing prescription regulations, and raising public awareness are essential to mitigate resistance and preserve antibiotic efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hiyam Younis Aballu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UHPLC–MS/MS Metabolite Fingerprinting and Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Gymnocarpos sclerocephalus (syn. Sclerocephalus arabicus) from the Saharo–Arabian Desert, Libya
The Saharo-Arabian desert shrub Gymnocarpos sclerocephalus (Decne) Dahlgren & Thulin (Caryophyllaceae) has medicinal uses, but its phytochemistry and bioactivity are understudied. This research defines the metabolite fingerprint of G. sclerocephalus, isolates key constituents, and assesses its antimicrobial properties and preliminary safety. Using UHPLC–MS/MS, we tentatively identified 35 metabolites, primarily flavonoid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Vitexin, daphnoretin, and quercetin were isolated. The crude extract showed antimicrobial activity (MICs 128–512 µg/mL), with the ethyl acetate fraction being most potent (MIC 32-64 µg/mL). Daphnoretin was effective against S. aureus and B. subtilis (MIC 64 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation by ~80% and disrupted bacterial membrane integrity. Synergy was observed between the ethyl acetate fraction and erythromycin against S. aureus and between daphnoretin and gentamicin against E. coli. The extract showed low cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts (CC50 ~350 µg/mL) and low toxicity in zebrafish embryos. These findings provide a chemotaxonomic profile for G. sclerocephalus and demonstrate its potential as a source of antimicrobial agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamed Bogdadi, Nowar Bhari, Shamsi Saad Shamsi, Mukhtar Almukashir, Ketaam Youness https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical Outcomes of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Management of Complex Abdominal Wounds
Complex abdominal wounds, resulting from trauma, surgical complications, or infection, present significant clinical challenges, including prolonged healing, high complication rates, and substantial healthcare costs. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) has emerged as an advanced treatment modality, yet its comprehensive outcomes in abdominal wounds require systematic evaluation. This study was conducted to systematically review and analyze the clinical, practical, and economic outcomes of NPWT in the management of complex abdominal wounds, with particular focus on healing rates, complication reduction, hospital stay duration, and cost-effectiveness. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Cochrane databases for studies published between 2015-2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews evaluating NPWT in abdominal wound management. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. Analysis of 42 included studies (total n=5,217 patients) revealed that NPWT significantly accelerated wound healing (mean reduction in healing time: 35.2%, 95% CI 28.7-41.8%, p<0.001), reduced surgical site infections (relative risk 0.64, 95% CI 0.52-0.78), and shortened hospital stays by an average of 6.3 days (95% CI 4.8-7.9 days, p<0.001). Fistula formation occurred in 8.7% of NPWT cases compared to 11.3% with conventional therapy (p=0.08). Cost analysis demonstrated an initial higher expenditure but overall savings of 23.4% per patient due to reduced complications and shorter hospitalization. NPWT represents an effective, cost-saving intervention for complex abdominal wounds when applied according to standardized protocols. Future research should focus on optimizing patient selection criteria and developing region-specific cost-effectiveness models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Abu-Gharsa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Extraction Methods on the Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Composition of Pistacia Lentiscus L. Oil
This study explores the influence of three extraction techniques—hydrodistillation, cold pressing, and solvent maceration—on the physicochemical parameters and chemical composition of Pistacia lentiscus L. oil. The extracted oils were analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The findings showed that, in comparison to the other extraction techniques, the cold-pressing approach produced higher density and refractive index values. The Brix value reached 69.3% for the cold-pressed sample, exceeding those produced via hydrodistillation and solvent maceration. GC-FID analysis identified six primary fatty acids in Pistacia lentiscus L. oil, with oleic acid (C18:1) being predominant—recording 48% in the cold-pressed oil, 45% in the hydrodistilled oil, and 32% in the alcoholic extraction. Thus, cold-pressing retained the most nutritious monounsaturated fatty acids. With measurements of 18% in the cold-pressed sample, 20% in the hydrodistilled sample, and 22% in the alcoholic extract, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated acid. This suggests that the use of organic solvents increases the number of saturated compounds. Linoleic acid (C18:2), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, revealed the largest percentage (16%) in the cold-pressed sample, compared with 13% and 8% for the hydrodistilled and alcoholic extracts, respectively. A balanced fatty acid profile was also found in trace levels of linolenic (C18:3), arachidic (C20:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids. These results highlight the advantages of cold pressing as a natural and effective way to maintain the nutritional integrity and quality of Pistacia lentiscus L. oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lila Areibat, Asma Al-Kareiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP): Insights from Libyan Medical Practitioners
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon soft tissue tumor that poses significant diagnostic and management challenges. In resource-limited settings such as Libya, insufficient awareness and limited diagnostic facilities may contribute to frequent misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. This study aimed to assess healthcare professionals’ experience, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for DFSP in Libya. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 213 healthcare professionals, including dermatologists, surgeons, oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and general practitioners from various regions of Libya. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, experience with DFSP, diagnostic methods, treatment practices, perceived challenges, and recommendations for improvement. Among participants, 65.7% had previously encountered DFSP cases, and 79.8% reported familiarity with the disease. Misdiagnosis was common, with lipoma (39.9%), keloid (23.5%), and dermatofibroma (18.8%) being the most frequent initial incorrect diagnoses. Biopsy with histopathological examination was the primary diagnostic method (61.0%), while 43.2% routinely used immunohistochemistry (IHC), most commonly CD34 (37.6%). The majority of respondents (65.7%) believed that DFSP is often misdiagnosed in Libya. Preferred treatment modalities included wide local excision (56.3%) and Mohs micrographic surgery (23.5%). Major challenges identified were late diagnosis (46.9%), limited diagnostic resources (37.6%), and insufficient clinician awareness (32.9%). The most frequently suggested improvements were organizing training programs and workshops (70.4%) and enhancing diagnostic facilities (56.3%). Specialty and years of professional experience were significantly associated with disease familiarity and use of IHC (p < 0.05). This study highlights substantial diagnostic and management challenges related to DFSP in Libya, primarily due to limited awareness and inadequate diagnostic infrastructure. Targeted training initiatives, improved access to diagnostic tools, and the development of national management guidelines are essential to promote early diagnosis and optimal patient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aiesha Imbarek, Magbula Kaziri, Karima Alfitory, Abdallah Juwid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract on the management of whitefly in the tomato crop
The study was conducted in the Higher Institute of Agricultural Techniques, Derna, Al-Fattayah, in the city of Derna, Libya. A positive impact of the treatment is evident. There are distinct morphological differences between the treatments, with the treated plants achieving the highest mean values for the number of inflorescences per lateral, the number of branches per plant, and fruit weight. The results showed that the number of branches in the treated plants averaged 7, compared to 6 branches in the control group. Regarding the number of inflorescences, the treated plants recorded an average of 14 inflorescences per branch, while the control group averaged 11 inflorescences per branch. Statistical analysis comparing the means reveals that the average fruit weight of the treated plants was 135.95 g, compared to 116.40 g for the control. Additionally, another difference was noted in the lateral growth of the canopy; the treated plants recorded an average width of 103.68 cm, while the control plants recorded an average width of 85.16 cm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abu Bakr Alzahaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Total Polyphenol Content in Olive Oil and Leaf Extracts from Frantoio and White Olive Cultivars in Libya
This research has been done to compare the total phenolic content (TPC) of olive oil and olive leaf extracts obtained from two Libyan olive cultivars, Tarhuna White and Frantoio. Phenolics were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, and the results were converted to gallic acid equivalents per kilogram of oil (mg GAE/kg) and per gram of dry leaf extract (mg GAE/g). The findings showed very significant differences between the TPC of the leaf extracts and their respective oils, with the leaf extracts from both cultivars being much higher. The leaf extract of the White olive had the highest TPC (2.35 mg GAE/g), and the Frantoio leaf extract came next (1.86 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, the oils had considerably lower phenolic contents, with the White oil containing 1.21 mg GAE/kg and the Frantoio oil 1.07 mg GAE/kg. The variations demonstrate the effect of different cultivar types on phenolic content, which might be due to different genes and enzymes involved in phenolic biosynthesis pathways. The results show that the choice of cultivar is not only important for olive oil quality but also for the recovery of phenolic compounds from the olive by-products. In general, olive leaves can be considered a good source of natural antioxidants for use in the nutraceutical industry. Further studies should be directed to chromatographic profiling of individual phenolic compounds, besides their evaluation These results demonstrate how cultivar selection affects phenolic content and point to olive leaves as a potential natural antioxidant source for nutraceutical uses. The development of value-added products from olive by-products should be supported by additional characterization of individual phenolic compounds and their bioactivity. Keywords: phenolic compounds; White olive oil; White olive leaves; Frantoio olive oil; Frantoio olive leaves
Copyright (c) 2026 Naser Estuty, Mohamed Lazhari, Mustafa Alsadi, Zeinab Zayed, Omran Algriany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Simulation and Analysis of Bottom-contact Pentacene-based OTFTs Devices
This study uses COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate and analyze bottom-contact pentacene-based Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) devices. Organic semiconductors like pentacene are promising for low-cost, flexible electronics due to their high field-effect mobility and compatibility with solution-based processing. The two-dimensional 2D simulation framework investigates electrostatic potential distribution, hole concentration profiles, current-voltage (I–V) characteristics, and capacitance-voltage (C–V) behavior in MIS structures with a gold gate electrode, PMMA dielectric layer, and pentacene active layer. The model captures drift-diffusion transport and electrostatic interactions across interfaces. Morphology-driven effects are introduced through synthetic grain models based on AFM data. The results show the role of contact geometry and surface morphology on charge carrier accumulation and electrical performance. The study demonstrates the predictive capability of Multiphysics simulation in optimizing organic transistor design and provides a scalable framework for evaluating new materials, dielectric configurations, and structural layouts in organic electronics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najeb Elgeme, Radwan khershif, Salahadeen Rehan, Abdraof Elmrabet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stem Cell–Driven Cellular Pathways in Craniofacial Bone Remodeling and Dental Tissue Regeneration: An Experimental Study in Dental Clinics of Alexandria, Egypt
Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for craniofacial bone remodeling and dental tissue regeneration. In this study, a mixed-methods design was employed, combining laboratory analyses with clinical data from 100 participants. Results demonstrated that 80% of respondents had received mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, with 70% reporting improvements in bone density and 65% noting enhanced dental tissue regeneration. Imaging tests confirmed progress in 85% of cases, while overall satisfaction with therapy outcomes was reported by 80–85% of participants. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between stem cell treatment and improvements in bone and dental tissues, with coefficients ranging from 0.60 to 0.70 (p < 0.01). Side effects were minimal, with only 20% reporting complications such as swelling or pain. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of stem cell-based interventions, highlighting both their efficacy and safety. The study concludes that stem cell therapy represents a viable and effective strategy for regenerative dentistry and craniofacial surgery, though larger multicenter trials are needed to standardize protocols and validate long-term outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aml Aljayer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Oral Care for Intensive Care Unit Patients
Maintaining oral hygiene for ICU patients is crucial for improving their overall health and avoiding complications. As the main providers of care, nurses need sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes, and proper practices to ensure effective oral care. This study aimed to assess nurses' understanding, perspectives, and methods regarding oral healthcare for ICU patients. The study sample was randomly selected from nurses at Tripoli Central Hospital, “Al-Zawiya Street” in Tripoli, and included 60 study participants, 28 of whom were males and 32 were females, with ages ranging from 18 to more than 50 years. And the sample was collected during the period June-July 2024. The data showed that the majority of participants were female (53%), and the highest age group was between 18-25 years (42%) and 25-35 years (42%). The highest age group of participants was less than 5 years (42%). 77% believed that they had sufficient experience in the field of nursing care, and 41% classified themselves as having obtained 9 out of 10. The results of the chi-square analysis on the questions related to knowledge, attitudes, and practice showed a statistical significance of 0.001 and positive answers, indicating that there is some awareness among nurses. The present study showed that nurses had positive attitudes, moderate knowledge, and reasonable practices regarding dental care. There is a need to include oral health training in nurses' education during their school years. Integration of oral health and public health should be a cornerstone of policy approaches for the prevention and control of oral diseases. A standard protocol should be developed in all health institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hend Miladi, Eman Gusbi, Jamal Elcosbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of an Efficient Method for Genomic DNA Extraction from (Vicia faba L) Leaves with High Contents of Inhibitor Compounds
The extraction of high-quality plant DNA in large quantities is considered a difficult task in all plant molecular studies, which makes the extraction of high-quality DNA from plants containing high amounts of inhibitor compounds the main challenge for researchers. Therefore, three different DNA extraction methods (CTAB, SDS, and a mixture of CTAB and SDS) were used and tested for the purpose of obtaining the best method for DNA extraction from Faba bean (Vicia faba L) plant leaves at different plant ages (7, 14, and 30 days). The estimation of DNA quality and purity was conducted by the Nanodrop spectrophotometer and gel electrophoresis system. The results of the present study showed that among the three DNA extraction methods used in this study CTAB method was the best method for extracting DNA from leaves in different plant ages specially leaves at the age of 7 days, followed by the SDS and CTAB methods. The absorbance ratio of extracted DNA from leaves with 7 days’ age using the CTAB method was above 1.9. CTAB performance was good in the elimination of the effects of inhibitor compounds such as protein; this technique has the potential to be an effective protocol for DNA extraction using leaves tissue. The result of this study also proved that the mixture of SDS and CTAB methods produced DNA with acceptable purity, whereas the A260/A280 ratio of absorbance for extracted DNA from leaves with 7 days’ age by the SDS+CTAB method treatment was 1.89. The results showed that the purity levels of extracted DNA from plant leaves at the age of 7 days were significantly higher than the other two treatments (14 and 30 days) in all the used methods, which explains that extracting DNA from young leaves is clearly successful. According to our result SDS method has an A260/A280 ratio of absorbance ranging from 1.53 to 1.87 in the treatment of leaves with 7 days’ age, whereas this range was lower than the CTAB method.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Shaaban, Wagdi Ghaleb, Hanan Abosalah, Masoud Alsheebani, Ghada Elragaihy, Salem Hammud, Elmundr Abughnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Identification of Bacterial Species Causing Antibiotic-Resistant Otitis Media in Zawia City, Libya, and Identification of Associated Risk Factors
Otitis media (OM) is a common infection of the middle ear, often leading to multiple visits to healthcare centers due to complications such as hearing loss and other serious infections, particularly in developing countries. Bacteria are the most common causative agents of OM. This study aimed to identify and differentiate the bacterial species causing OM in Zawia city and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The study was conducted at Al-Zawia Medical Laboratory from January 1, 2024, to June 1, 2024. A total of 200 individuals were included, of which 157 (78.5%) were diagnosed with middle ear infection. The results indicated a high incidence of bacterial OM in the 41-50 age group, with females being more affected than males in this group. Conversely, the 11-20 age group showed a higher infection rate in males. Of the 157 bacterial pathogens isolated, 67 (42.68%) were from male patients and 90 (57.32%) were from female patients. The most prevalent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (16.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (14%), and Klebsiella sp. (9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that Gentamycin exhibited high sensitivity against most isolates. The high rate of bacterial resistance to most tested antibiotics highlights the need to prescribe antibiotics based on local antibiogram data and bacterial sensitivity. Bacterial pathogens were identified phenotypically and culturally, and a significant variation in their susceptibility to antibiotics was observed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mabroukah Khalleefah, Najat Mansour, Ali Milad, Suad Diab, Lubna Elbishti, Himedah Fheel Alboom, Khaled Aburas, Najat Gooma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Contents of Manganese and Lead and their Hazard Indices in some Coffee Brands
In this study Ten different coffee samples of different brands were collected from many Libyan Markets. The contents of Lead (Pb) and Manganese (Mn) were estimated in the selected samples by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The concentrations of Manganese in the selected samples in this study fluctuated in the ranges of 0.100 and1.324 ppm. Whereas the concentrations of Lead ranged between 0.036 and 0.537 ppm. The higher concentration of Manganese was recorded in the Al Wasar Coffee sample, whereas the lower concentration of Mn was recorded in the Faysal coffee sample. On the other hand, the contents of Lead ranged between 0.036– 0.537ppm. The higher concentration of Lead was recorded in the Al-Wasar Coffee sample, while the lower ones were recorded in the Dubai Coffee sample. The study concluded that the contents of the selected coffee samples were higher than the limits recorded by WHO. The values of Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) ranged between 0.009 – 0.12 for manganese and from 0.003 to 0.048 for lead contents. On the side, the values (Estimated weekly Intake, EWI) for manganese ranged from 0.063 to 1.47 and from 0.021 to 0.336 for lead. On the other hand, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values ranged from 0.0.0007 – 0.0095 for manganese and from 0.00031 – 0.0038 for lead. The results of these recorded high values of manganese contents are according to the safety limits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamad Hasan, Enaam Mohamed, Rofeida Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geospatial Assessment of Geothermal Potential In The Jeffara Plain, Northwest Libya: A Weighted Overlay Analysis Approach
The Jeffara Plain in northwest Libya represents a critical frontier for low-enthalpy geothermal energy development within the transboundary Northwest Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS). This study applies an integrated framework combining remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to delineate geothermal potential zones. Seven thematic layers magnetic survey, gravity survey, transmissivity, geological setting, aquifer thickness, piezometric surface, and land use were standardized and weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), then integrated through a Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) to derive a Geothermal Potential Index (GPI). The resulting map identifies the Az-Zahra region as the most favorable target, where the Al-Aziziyah geothermal aquifer exhibits temperatures on the order of 50–70 °C at depths of 200–350 m, suitable for direct-use applications such as desalination, greenhouse heating, and low-temperature industrial processes. The spatial correspondence between high-potential classes and existing thermal wells provides qualitative support for the validity of the proposed framework. Comparison with regional North African case studies further suggests that this workflow is transferable and can guide future, more quantitative validation efforts such as Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC–AUC) analysis for sustainable geothermal exploration in arid, data-scarce environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Belkasem Alkaryani, Mohamed Saleh, Abdlsaid Ibrahem, Salah Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective Effects of Ginger Extract on NAFLD-Associated Male Infertility in Rats: Hormonal Regulation and Semen Quality
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder that extends beyond hepatic pathology to adversely affect male reproductive function through hormonal dysregulation and systemic metabolic disturbances. Zingiber officinale (ginger), a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, has been reported to exert beneficial effects on metabolic and reproductive health. The present study investigated the protective role of aqueous ginger extract against NAFLD-induced reproductive dysfunction in male rats. NAFLD was experimentally induced in adult male Wistar rats by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD). Animals were allocated into control, HFD control, and treatment groups receiving either 10% or 20% aqueous ginger extract. Sperm parameters, including concentration, motility, and morphology, were evaluated alongside serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Hepatic function was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalla Elgenaidi, Alnagy Ali, Hanan Miftah, Fatema Alsaeid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Diagnostic Hysterolaparoscopy in Evaluation of Female Infertility at the National Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility-al Jabal AL Akhdar
Infertility, affecting 10–15% of reproductive-age couples, has emerged as a pressing medical and social challenge. This cross-sectional study evaluated the diagnostic value of hysterolaparoscopy (HL) in the assessment of female infertility at the National Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Al Jabal Al Akhdar. This is a prospective interventional study that enrolled 165 women with a history of primary or secondary infertility at national center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility-AL Jabal AL Akhdar in the period from July 2025 to Dec 2025. Those with a history of active pelvic infection or contraindication of anesthesia were excluded. Of the 165 women evaluated, 91 (55.15%) were diagnosed with primary infertility. Laparoscopic examination identified abnormalities in 49.09% of cases, with tubal obstruction (18.79%), peritubal adhesions (12.37%), and endometriosis (11.52%) being the most prevalent findings. Hysteroscopic assessment most commonly revealed endometrial polyps as the leading intrauterine abnormality. Diagnostic HL is an effective, safe diagnostic tool when performed by experienced hands for diagnosing and treating pelvic pathologies, such as adnexal adhesions, endometriosis, and uterine septum, which are usually missed by other diagnostic modalities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramzi Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genomic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Libya: Spatiotemporal Clade Dynamics and Mutations Influencing Viral Virulence
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in emerging variants with increased transmissibility and immune escape. In order to strengthen studies on pandemic evolution and set the public health responses, the incorporation of genomic data from global databases such as NCBI and bioinformatics platforms, e.g., Nextclade, has played an important role. This retrospective study was conducted to investigate the genomic diversity among SARS-CoV-2 sequences in Libya from March 2020 to December 2022, through assigning variant distribution and key mutations with the possible functional implications. Eighty-one (81) high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Libya were retrieved from NCBI, of which thirty (30) sequences were then analyzed for clade assignment, quality assessment, and mutational profiles. SARS-CoV-2 sequences were classified into lineages by using Pangolin software (V4.x.). All 30 sequences had high quality with minimal sequencing errors. Clade distribution results showed that the dominant variants were 21D (Eta) and 22B (Omicron BA.5) at 50% and 20%, respectively. Other detected sublinages were 21L (16.7%), 22C (10%), 20B (B.1.1, 3.3%), 19B (3.3%). The major nucleotide mutations in clade 21D included C241T (5' UTR; 100%) and C884T (ORF1ab; 93%), and in 22B T670G (ORF1ab; 100%) and C1627T (ORF1ab; 83%). Moreover, the amino acid substitutions included S: E484K (100%) in 21D, S: F486V (100%) in 22B, ORF1ab: P314L (100%) in 21L, and S: D614G (100%) in 22C. Our findings identified a complex genetic diversity in SARS-CoV-2 variants in Libya, which carried important mutational changes, and underscored the increased need for continuous and large-scale sequencing analysis to understand the local and international trajectory of the pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wafa Elmegarbi, Mohamed Lazhari, Mawada Elside, Mabroka Alghros, Samia Alzentani, Omran Algriany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Applying Different Analytical Methods (GC-Mass, Spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption, and Flame Photometry for Estimation some Chemical Constituents in leaves and Stems of the Quercus coccifera plant
Some of the different analytical methods were used to estimate some of the chemical constituents in leaves and fruits of the Quercus coccifera plant, where the GC-MS was used for the determination of Fatty acids and phenolic acids. The atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for measuring the contents of metals such as Zn, Cr, and Cu. Also, the Flame photometer was used for the determination of minerals Na, K, and Ca. On the side the spectrophotometer was applied to measure the contents of phosphorus and Nitrogen The results of this study recorded that, some of phenolic acids were found in the samples including :The concentration of phenolic acids in leafs and fruits of the studied plant as following: Chlorogeneic acid (0.0115 mg/g), 3,4-Dicaffeoly guinic acid (0.129 mg/g), 3,5- Dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.309 mg/g), 4,5- Dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.0161 mg/g), 2,5-dihydroxy Benzoic acid (0.00000589 mg/g), and Galic acid (0.166mg/g). Quercus coccifera fruits: Chlorogenic acid (0.0197 mg/g), 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.102 mg/g), 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.132 mg/g), 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.205 mg/g), and cinnamic acid (0.00000698mg/g). Small amounts of Fatty acids were recoded and included Saturated fatty (0.081 and 0.087mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids containing Monounsaturated fatty acids (0.047and 0.048 mg/g) in leaves and stems, respectively, and Polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.033 and 0.049mg/g) respectively. On the other side, the contents of Sodium, potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in leaves were as follows: 0.3, 11.5, 1.50, 1.82, 0.69, and 2.27 ppm, whereas the contents of the same elements in fruits were as follows: 0.08, 13.5, 0.50, 1.597, 0.52, and 2.142 ppm, respectively. This study recorded small amounts of Zinc, Copper, and Chromium, and ranged between (0.147 -0.154), (0.947 -1.132) and (0.0861 -0.0898 ppm), respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aisha Ali, Adel Abdulathim, Zuhir Akrim, Nevein Abdel-Hady, Hamad Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plant-Derived Molluscicides: Thymus vulgaris and Artemisia judaica Extracts Control the white garden snail, Thebapisana
The white garden snail Theba pisana, is a significant agricultural pest, and there is growing interest in developing natural molluscicides as alternatives to synthetic chemicals. This study evaluated the efficacy of haxsan and aqueous extracts of Thymus vulgaris and Artemisia judaica against Theba pisana using the leaf-dipping technique. Mortality was assessed after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure. Results demonstrated that mortality was significantly influenced by the plant species, extract type, concentration, and exposure time. haxsan extracts consistently outperformed their aqueous counterparts. The haxsan extract of T. vulgaris was the most potent, causing 93.3% mortality at a 15% concentration after 72 hours, compared to only 33.3% for its aqueous extract. Probing the data further, probit analysis confirmed the superior toxicity of haxsan extracts, with the haxsan extract of T. vulgaris having the lowest LC50 value (6.37 %), followed by the haxsan extract of A. judaica (LC50 = 8.69 %). All treated groups exhibited significantly higher mortality (p<0.001) than the control group (0%). This study conclusively shows that haxsan extracts of T. vulgaris and A. judaica possess strong, time and concentration-dependent molluscicidal activity against Theba pisana, highlighting their potential as a source for molluscicide development and integration into pest management tactics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masouda Elzaroug, Salah Hasan, Fariha AlHaddad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Conversion of Desalination Waste Heat into Chemical Energy Using a Reversible Copper-Chlorine Thermochemical Cycle for Hydrogen Storage
The growing global need for fresh water and clean energy has prompted huge concerns about combining the desalination processes with hydrogen production systems. In this study, the researcher has given an in-depth discussion of how the waste heat of desalination plants can be used to power a reversible copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle to generate and store hydrogen. The copper-chlorine cycle has a comparatively lower operating temperature, 300–550 °C, compared to other thermochemical cycles, so it is especially applicable in combination with desalination waste heat streams. The paper compares the thermodynamic performance, energy efficiency, and economic viability of such an integrated system. Not only does the proposed system reduce the energy intensity issues associated with desalination, but it also offers a solution to the sustainable production of hydrogen using thermal energy, which is otherwise wasted. Findings indicate that the combined system can produce hydrogen at efficiencies of 35–42% and, at the same time, save up to 18–25% of the specific energy used in desalination. The reverse of the thermochemical reaction allows hydrogen storage via chemical bond to be easily stored, which has some benefits over the commonly used compression and liquefaction. Economic studies show that the cost of hydrogen production is at par between 3.2–4.8 $/kg, which is competitive when the desalination and hydrogen production are looked at as a two-fold purpose. This combination approach is an encouraging alternative to sustainable solutions of the water-energy nexus in areas with high desalination capacity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enas Eltnay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Urological Pathologies: A One-Year Histopathological Study at Al-Wahda Hospital
Diseases involving the urological system are one of the most common disorders affecting the general population and comprise a spectrum of entities. They can be non-neoplastic or neoplastic lesions. A prospective study was conducted to identify the histopathological patterns with regard to age and sex of urological lesions in surgically received specimens from the urology department of Al Wahda hospital, .in patients living in Derna city, Eastern Libya. The study included forty urological samples submitted to the Noor-AL-Huda Medical Center Pathology Laboratory in Derna City, East of Libya, over a period from 8-6 2024 to 3-6 2025. The lesions were evaluated by light microscopy and classified on histological grounds into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, and they were fixed by formalin, processed, and then stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. A total of 40 urological specimens were received during this study period. The age of the patients included in this study ranged from 19 to 81 with mean 59 years n urological specimens 35 males (87.5%) and 5 (12.5%) females giving a male to female ratio of 7: 1. There were 21 (52.5%) non-neoplastic lesions, the majority of non-neoplastic case reported in the study were benign prostatic hyperplasia accounting for 13 % (32.5%). Neoplastic lesions reported in the study were 19 (47.5%). The transitional papillary carcinoma forms the most neoplastic lesion, accounting for 16 (84.2%) of the neoplastic lesions. Out of 16 neoplastic lesions of the bladder were non-invasive urothelial papillary carcinoma 10 (52.6%). The peak age for urothelial carcinoma was 4th to 6th decades. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common histopathological of non-neoplastic lesions. Transitional papillary carcinoma is the most common of neoplastic disorders, encountered more commonly in males, with the majority of cases occurring in the 6th decade. Both low-grade and stage (PT1) were relatively common patterns seen in this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulsalam Ahmeedah, Noria Raffalla , Amal Srgewa, Munira Abdulsayid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Preliminary Study on the Effects of Lemon Juice and Vitamin C on Postprandial Glucose in Overweight Nondiabetic Adults
Postprandial hyperglycemia, together with obesity and elevated body mass index, represents a significant risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acidic foods and antioxidants have been suggested to modulate postprandial glycemic responses. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effects of lemon juice and vitamin C supplementation on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in overweight adults. A randomized crossover trial was conducted in which participants co-ingested a standardized bread meal with water, lemon juice, or vitamin C at two doses (500 mg and 1000 mg). Capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured over a 180-min postprandial period. Co-ingestion of lemon juice and both doses of vitamin C significantly attenuated postprandial glycemic responses compared with water. Peak glucose concentrations were markedly lower following lemon juice and vitamin C supplementation, accompanied by a more gradual post-peak decline. These effects were further reflected by significant reductions in the incremental area under the curve (iAUC₀–₁₈₀) following lemon juice and the higher vitamin C dose, with a borderline reduction observed at the lower dose, indicating a dose-dependent effect. Overall, these findings support a potential role for lemon juice and vitamin C in postprandial glycemic modulation and highlight the need for confirmation in larger, longer-term studies assessing dose–response relationships and their potential to delay progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malak Eljafari, Mohamed Almhgob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Enterobius vermicularis Infection Rates among Schoolchildren in Tocra and Al Marj, Libya
Enterobius vermicularis infection remains a common intestinal parasitic disease among schoolchildren worldwide, yet it is often underestimated in public health programs. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of E. vermicularis among 131 schoolchildren in Al Marj and Tocar cities, Libya. Data were analyzed by age, gender, and geographic location, and statistical tests were applied to assess associations. The overall prevalence was 69.5%, with 91 children testing positive and 40 negatives. Infection rates were slightly higher among females (57.1%) compared to males (42.9%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.820). Age distribution showed the highest prevalence among children aged 5–15 years, while those ≥15 years had lower rates, but again without significant association (p = 0.951). Geographic comparison revealed nearly equal infection rates between Al Marj and Tocar (p = 0.954). These findings confirm that E. vermicularis infection is widespread across demographic groups and highlight the need for integrated school-based interventions, including routine screening, hygiene education, and incorporation of pinworm control into broader deworming programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eman EL Frragani, Amal AL-Mayar, Heba Idris, Reem Faraj, Suha Muftah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0